Friday, July 16, 2010

Stealing Morality Back from a Fence

A rebuttal of Mark Shea's:


In another attempt at obfuscation for the benefit of his godhead (which, for obvious reasons, can't clear everything up for itself) this Catholic now claims that, Christopher Hitchens is misreading the Judaeo-Christian tradition by saying,

“the Jewish people did not get all the way to Mount Sinai under the impression that murder and theft and perjury were okay.”

But the claim that we were created in the image and likeness of God, doesn't for a moment suggest that murder, or for that matter—many other immoral acts, are wrong. For this mythological god, incites their practice, as well as, commits many, including murder, repeatedly himself, as its portrait is recorded in the Bible. So, people would not recognize it as sacred from revelation, by reading the holy book or innately, "from the get go," as this Catholic asserts. Again, morality comes neither by this mythological patriarch's example or dictate. Then our quarrelsome Catholic writes,

"Oblivious to the Church’s entire tradition of the natural law..."

while not clarifying what that "law" is, exactly. And, yet again, incorrectly characterizing Christopher's evaluation of the comment as, "a crushing debate point," he is consistent. It is indeed, verified fact, not just a debate point. It doesn't even make sense in the narrative itself, because the society they falsely claimed to have escaped from was a very advanced society with incredible feats of cooperation, so yes, the commandments were at least unnecessary. Societies were cooperating, coexisting, and collaborating with neighboring societies for some 10,000 years, prior to the time this mosaic narrative claims a mass exodus occurred. All cultures have a moral base that vary widely in some details but are very similar in others, and it's obvious which ones are from an evolutionary history that we share with other social creatures, especially primates.

The implausibility of even some spurious historical roots to this myth, the absurdity of the details, especially those connected to the commandments— show it to be patriarchal mythology. Constructed to malign belief in an older matriarchal mythology, related to a fertility goddess. The commandments of this tale were, in fact, redundant at the time of their creation. There is nothing historical about the Exodus narrative. The Jews are, in fact, descendants of Canaanites and were never slaves of the Egyptians. Moses is no more historical than Adam, Enoch, Jesus, Hercules, Apollo, Tom Sawyer, or Superman. The explanation for the general acceptance of the truthfulness of these religious myths is very simple. They didn't have an educational system to curb the myth to fact evolution that critical analysis of the evidence will curtail, then usually eliminate. Even Thomas Aquinas had the education of the average 7 year old today, and the philosophical prowess of a typical Inspirational Channel infomercial talking head, some 1400 years after the mosaic oral tradition took root.

Then this Catholic is once again, I was previously introduced to his various strawman fallacies, drawn to still more deplorable ad hominem arguments. But this pundit has such weak arguments, like any religious argument would be otherwise, that his main tactic is debasement of the opposition, poisoning the well, or the typical false premise. I give you, dear reader, as an example:

"Indeed Hitchens, like all the New Atheists (who are, in fact, creakily decrepit Old Atheists of a school that nearly died out), is ..."

Which is both wrong and irrelevant for many reasons, the first of which is  that atheism is not a "school." It is the absents of a belief in god(s), only. While at the same time based on scientific evidence that is being up dated daily. Therefore, while the concept of skepticism is as old as thought itself, the atheist view is based on philosophies and scientific discoveries that are current. And while I am honored to be numbered among the likes of Democritus, Epicurus, Robert G. Ingersoll, Andrew Carnegie, Katherine Hepburn, Francis Crick, Bertrand Russell, Bruce Lee it is obvious that Mark Shea is intent on poisoning his readership's opinion of atheists, but we are not "creakily decrepit" nor has atheism ever "nearly died out" as is shown by the Pew poll that shows the "no religious affiliation" is the only demographic to grow in all fifty states, not to mention the rest of the civilized world. Civilized world, that's another interesting point, ever notice that where ever the Pope reigns so does poverty and deplorable human "third world" conditions, talk about decrepit.

Every despotic totalitarian dictatorship; indeed every claim to superiority, every genocide, every war, even slavery; homicides committed on the basis of someone's individuality, or opinion; claims of collaboration with mythical creatures or powers over the elements of nature, have had the revelatory backing of some mythical god. For this reason, especially, but not exclusively, I entreat everyone to question claims of authority, especially claims of authority based on religious entities, superstitious beliefs or revelation. This is why;
Ideas, beliefs or opinions are never to be held as sacred, ever, the most heinous acts ever committed by man were the result of self serving ideas, unsubstantiated beliefs, and the opinions of bigoted ignoramuses. The whole concept of the free market of ideas is that intellectual liberty is the ability to scrutinize any belief, every idea, regardless of their holder's opinions or appeals to authority. Like your own personal bigotry toward atheists, is more than likely based on unsubstantiated generalities, opinions that you hold toward our world view without justification. Also, your opinion that Richard Rorty was a "real" atheist is based more on your opinion that he disliked science than on the basis of his understanding of theology and its absurdities. Or his understanding of ethology, the study of evolutionary animal behavior, which would have cleared up the misconception evident in the quote, which is actually concerning his philosophy of epistemology, you have used many times that I know of.

You should know that Rorty's philosophy was dealt with in absentia, in the 19th century in light of idealist philosophy with which his pragmatic ironism has many similarities. And that Karl Popper dealt with the validity of observation in the 50's it's called the scientific method. Maybe the similarity to our evolved morality observed in many social animals might suggest that what ought to be, is based on the evolutionary history of our species. In the sense that cooperation, care and compassion are the traits that were successful in our evolutionary past, Prof. Rorty would be wrong to conclude that it is "theft from a covert belief in something that transcends" when we have evidence of altruism in many different species. But Rorty's rejection of science would preclude his gleaning that knowledge. And his rejection of truth in general would preclude your claim to morality just as easily.

The point is this, morality 'Is' and it is not due to religion or anything supernatural, for there is no validity, no evidence, no reality to that claim, so I think Rorty's choice of the words "well-grounded theoretical answers" may be being over emphasized out of context. Science has made great strides in almost every field of endeavor in verifiable ways. And Prof. Richard Rorty may have been the one holding to a Platonic ideology that the imagined is as real as the corporeal, and even more perfect. But anything can be imagined, doesn't make it real. While Karl Popper's philosophy would suggest that all the failed attempts at falsification of the theory of evolution, substantiates our decision to continue to use it in further inquiry into questions posed by behavioral science and the theory of mind.

How someone can logically correlate "god is not great" and "everyone thinks for themselves," with "Nothing Must Be Held Sacred," boggles the mind. Many different things are sacred to many different people, only it is in most cases, like respect, earned not given. Wherein my mother is more sacred to me, than to you for obvious reasons. Life is, arguably, more sacred to me than to you for I live as though this is the only life there is, for everyone. When I was in the service, I was asked many times, what I thought about dying. To which I replied, "it will be the end of pain." And those that think there is life after death are giving theirs under false pretences. Which is another horrendous property of religions, the motivating force employed by the General that yells, "Charge that wall men, who cares if god is on their side this time!" Oh, wait. Anyway, atrociousness... the problem is:  an atrocity begins when anyone tries to convince you that something they hold sacred is somehow more sacred than what you hold sacred. Which is exactly what religion does. You can either pretend that you agree and subjugate your importance to that of supernatural claims or stand and be counted as holding—as sacred, claims that are just as important as any asserted by those claiming supernatural authority. It's up to each of us to defend our liberty.

And yes, atheists have killed people, so have Buddhists, football fans, painters and Christians, but of this list, only Christians have killed because of their faith.  And again, Hitler was a fundamentalist Catholic (actually go there, Mark, read Mein Kompf, the Nazi program especially #24 do the work). Stalin learned much of his totalitarian Platonist philosophies from seminary school. Marx was sure that religion would falter, and fall out of favor, due to disuse in an egalitarian society.  Mao and Pol Pot killed for the same reason all power mongers kill and never has it been for that "atheistic beliefs" canard, there aren't any. And besides, none of these tyrants actually killed, en masse, the pious peons that worked for them, that followed them, that believed in them—did the dirty work.

So basically this is yet again another misguided, mis-characterization of a world view that only wishes to save people from their own irrationality, thereby helping humanity at large avoid recurring historical atrocities, while hoping they don't become victims of their own ignorance. I personally feel that the recurring atrocities were best summed up by Albert Einstein, when he stated:

" Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results."

The Abrahamic religions have had more than 2000 years replete with misery, and culpability in many—far to many atrocities. The religiose should know, it is now inescapably obvious that this superstition has absolutely nothing in common with "peace on Earth" or "Good will toward humanity," can we stop with the insanity already. Let us give rationality a chance, and superstition the boot. In the spirit of the Founders of this nation, who knew all too well the deplorable state of humanity brought about by the unabated indoctrination, the certainty of the dogmatic and the arrogance of ignorance, in a word piety, we should give humanity back to "We the People," for as Thomas Jefferson said:

"History, I believe, furnishes no example of a priest-ridden people maintaining a free civil government. This marks the lowest grade of ignorance of which their civil as well as religious leaders will always avail themselves for their own purposes."

Thomas Jefferson knew then what many know now, it is education that guards the mind from infection through the superstitious mind virus. And this is a critical point because once the mind virus gets in, rationalizations may be all that's left to the host. It is evidence that breaks the circular reasoning the Platonic ontology and the apologetic rationalizations that are everywhere displayed. I do honestly hope that people realize one day that the accusations raise against atheism, are the very crimes religions have spawned for millennia. Atheism is the cure not the culprit, regardless of what propaganda people have been told.
~Brian

20 comments:

  1. "Every despotic totalitarian dictatorship; indeed every claim to superiority, every genocide, every war, even slavery... have had the revelatory backing of some mythical god."

    I was going to ask if you'd heard of Stalin, but you actually mention him later. So: when did Stalin claim to have the revelatory backing of some mythical god?

    As for "every genocide", "every war", "even slavery"... really? You can't think of any wars, genocides, systems of slavery, which weren't based off revelatory backing of a deity?

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  2. Also: "Hitler was a fundamentalist Catholic (actually go there, Mark, read Mien Kompf, the Nazi program especially #24 do the work)"

    Did you actually read your own link? Point #24 of the Nazi program doesn't mention Catholicism, but specifically encourages "positive Christianity." (Go to the link you posted, follow the link to "positive Christianity", read up on it. It's rather different to both Catholicism and mainstream Protestantism.)

    If Hitler was a fundamentalist Catholic (which your link provides no evidence for at all), one might also enquire why the papal encyclical Mit Brennender Sorge ("with burning concern") was necessary, and why its criticism of racism and Nazi ideology didn't make Hitler have a change of heart. (Similarly with the wartime encyclical Summi Pontificatus, which condemned racism and expressed sympathy with Poland.)

    Also, it's "Mein Kampf", rather than "Mien Kompf", which makes you sound like a cross between a Dutchman and a Bavarian farmer. (Why, yes, I am a spelling nazi when it comes to German...)

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  3. Ganz bestimmt, godescalc.

    The OP shows no familiarity whatsoever with historical scholarship. It's all a big 'rasslin match between abstract entities. (Talk about belief in spirits.)

    All this time, I thought the War of the Spanish Succession was fought over, well, the Spanish succession. Now I know it was at the behest of a mythical god. Of course, the trick is to expand and contract the whole definition of 'god' and 'religion' as suitable to the moment, such as declaring, without the slightest familiarity with the actual life of the actual Stalin, that his butcheries were somehow the result of a few years in an Orthodox seminary.

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  4. "The implausibility of even some spurious historical roots to this myth, the absurdity of the details, especially those connected to the commandments— show it to be patriarchal mythology. Constructed to malign belief in an older matriarchal mythology, related to a fertility goddess. The commandments of this tale were, in fact, redundant at the time of their creation. There is nothing historical about the Exodus narrative. The Jews are, in fact, descendants of Canaanites and were never slaves of the Egyptians. Moses is no more historical than Adam, Enoch, Jesus, Hercules, Apollo, Tom Sawyer, or Superman. The explanation for the general acceptance of the truthfulness of these religious myths is very simple. They didn't have an educational system to curb the myth to fact evolution that critical analysis of the evidence will curtail, then usually eliminate. Even Thomas Aquinas had the education of the average 7 year old today, and the philosophical prowess of a typical Inspirational Channel infomercial talking head, some 1400 years after the mosaic oral tradition took root."
    At least St. Thomas' "second grade education" taught him to cite sources, which he does almost to a fault, particularly in the Summa. Where do you get this from? In particular I'd like to see your evidence for: "Jews are descendants of Canaanites and were never slaves of the Egyptians."

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  5. Even Thomas Aquinas had the education of the average 7 year old today, and the philosophical prowess of a typical Inspirational Channel infomercial talking head, some 1400 years after the mosaic oral tradition took root.

    Preach it, buddy. And don't get me started on those other morons cluttering up the libraries of Oxford and Cambridge. Apparently retards like Aristotle and Plato didn't even have cell phones!

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  6. "The point is this, morality 'Is' and it is not due to religion or anything supernatural, for there is no validity, no evidence, no reality to that claim..."

    "Morality "Is.'" Really? There are certainly patterns of behavior that fit into typical understandings of morality, but they are just that: patterns of behavior. Those patterns are not morality itself. Morality implies that there is an obligation to behave within certain prescribed parameters. What authority imposes that obligation?

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  7. Where did you get the capacity/ability to be able to make such an evaluation of anothers thoughts.? I thought you atheists claim to be just a chemical accident and a mere collection of molecules,subject to and constrained and limited by the natural rules that govern chemistry and physics. How does a mere phusical thing reach out to something metaphysical like the thoughts on abstract concept of another collection of molecules?

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  8. This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.

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  9. Herenvardo, I must speak in defence of the Dawkster: he does not skimp on citations, and he backs off from easy arguments when he doesn't think they hold (in The God Delusion, he considered and rejected the Hitler=Christian idea, for instance).

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  10. he considered and rejected the Hitler=Christian idea, for instance

    Of course, this is sort of like commending a boxer for his sportsmanship because he doesn't beat up little girls in back alleys.

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  11. "Even Thomas Aquinas had the education of the average 7 year old today, and the philosophical prowess of a typical Inspirational Channel infomercial talking head, some 1400 years after the mosaic oral tradition took root."

    YIKES! That made me laugh so hard, I just blew coffee out my nose!

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  12. Mark: It's a start! It was certainly more than I expected when reading The God Delusion, and goodness knows there's enough polemicists who display far less interest in checking their rhetoric against reality.

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  13. Wrote a longer response here

    http://ephesians4-15.blogspot.com/2010/09/beach-bum-and-mark-shea.html

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  14. Some think Thomas Aquinas is nothing short of the Roman Catholic Church's folk hero and, undoubtedly, that his philosophy by 1277 was nothing short of miraculously inspired. But the facts, as evidenced by his writings, tell a different story.

    My quip, "Even Thomas Aquinas had the education of the average 7 year old today, and the philosophical prowess of a typical Inspirational Channel infomercial's talking head..," has everything to do with the context in which it was framed. That is, "They didn't have an educational system to curb the myth-to-fact evolution that critical analysis of the evidence will curtail, then usually eliminate." It is the purpose of education to present verified facts, and the substantiated evidence thereof, along with the properties that empower the understanding of their relationships in the real world. By this criteria, Thomas Aquinas did not get an education that would have enabled him to discern fact from fiction any better than today's typical seven year old, which is my point. Today, he is considered less a philosopher, even that—only by those of a theological bent, and more a medieval theological sophist.

    Allow me to expand; personally, while studying theology for more than 45 years, I agree with Thomas Jefferson's sentiment, concerning theology as a discipline, that religion is nothing but pretend knowledge that has been a detriment to man and his liberty, which is why President Jefferson, himself, said:

    "A professorship of Theology should have no place in our institution [the University of Virginia]." ~Thomas Jefferson, letter to Thomas Cooper, October 7, 1814. (From Gorton Carruth and Eugene Ehrlich, eds., The Harper Book of American Quotations, New York: Harper & Row, 1988, p. 492.)

    While Aquinas' other specializations, Aristotelian philosophy and Neoplatonism (A system of philosophy based on theological doctrines composed of elements of Platonism, Aristotelianism and oriental mysticism), have been all but eliminated as viable philosophies. Scholars such as Harold W. Attridge and R. McL. Wilson try to down play the Platonic properties, the Philonic influence (but curiously they jump on the metaphorical or allegorical bandwagon at the first hint of evidence for textual references to a non-historical, Platonic—heavenly— Anointed Savior, that is, Christ Jesus) on the oldest New Testament writings, the Epistles, because they are fatal to Christianity's doctrines. As for Aristotelianism, Bertrand Russell puts it this way:

    "Ever since the beginning of the seventeenth century, almost every serious intellectual advance has had to begin with an attack on some Aristotelian doctrine; in logic, this is still true [to the date of that writing, at least]." from The History of Western Philosophy, 1945 (p. 160). If Aquinas' understanding of Platonism had anything but a Christological bias, Pauline Theology, as it deviates from Christian dogma concerning the historicity of a Jesus of Nazareth character, should have been understood by him as the Platonic mystery cult that it is. Furthermore, The Epistle to the Hebrews, even the Johannine epistles, should have shown him the mystery cult parallels of the many diverse Anointed Savior, 'Christ Jesus' movements prevalent in most Graeco-Roman cultural meccas of that era. Therefore, I hold that Aquinas was nothing more than a theological sophist of no more relevance than his weak (according to Richard Swinburne), discredited, as far as I'm concerned, Quinque viae.

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  15. Also, if one tries to read Aquinas' writings, the first thing that is obvious is that he could not write fluently, and his penmanship was atrocious. It is only because he had secretaries and scribes, that we know of his writings at all. And please, by no means, do I mean this as a personal attack on Aquinas. Only, with the above in mind along with the listed studies in the introduction of "Thomas Aquinas, Selected Writings" Penguin Classics, (1998) which includes the trivium (Dark Ages; an introductory curriculum at a medieval university involving grammar, logic and rhetoric; considered to be a triple way to eloquence) and quadrivium (Dark Ages; a division of the curriculum in a medieval university involving arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music). Noting of course, first of all, it was the church's view imbued in all information that he was being taught. Secondly, consider the limited (if not null) understanding of say, astronomy, cosmology, biology, anthropology, evolution, medicine, physics, even logic etc. in 1239 CE. Also, keep in mind that he leaned heavily on the mystical, dualistic, supernatural even magical pseudo-knowledge prevalent in his era; this today would have landed him in an institution—not any university, except maybe Liberty University, Billy Graham's Regent, or the like.

    Taken within his historical context; with a consideration for what he thought he knew and pretended to know, his lack of knowledge of naturalism, the scientific method and the value of evidentiary enquiry—yes, I would juxtapose his philosophical knowledge with some seventh graders, most eighth graders, and all freshmen of any reputable school today. So saying that he had the philosophical prowess of an inspirational infomercial is only as funny as that theological face-plant, that is the Banana-man, Ray Comfort and his sillier sidekick Kirk Cameron.

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  16. Bill Kirby said...

    In particular I'd like to see your evidence for: "Jews are descendants of Canaanites and were never slaves of the Egyptians."

    The fact that there is no evidence for the Exodus myth and plenty of evidence from such things as an absence of pig bones in Canaanite villages that there was no influx of an extraneous peoples into the region. Although, this does not eliminate the idea of small bands immigrating sporadically. DNA evidence eliminates the African origin, yet supports a westerly migration from across the Jordan. For citations on this topic might I recommend a peer reviewed archaeology periodical. While the DNA evidence is available for the asking on Google.

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  17. To godescalc

    Thanks for finding that typo 'Mein,' I think my autocorrect causes more problems than it solves, at times. I have corrected the problem.

    "Did you actually read your own link? Point #24 of the Nazi program doesn't mention Catholicism, but specifically encourages 'positive Christianity.'"

    Yes, I did read point #24. Only, your mistake is in thinking that I meant to confirm Hitler's fundamentalist Catholicism from the Party Program. Please note that my statement was made in reference to Shea's claim: "Well, the empirical evidence is in for atheism: a modest estimate of 100 million slaughtered is lowballing it." Of course, this is flat out false, but not a surprise. This is a typical canard of the religiose, who think it works as camouflages for the atrocities committed by religions of any strip.

    There is an old Arabic saying that in paraphrase, conveys the idea that a camel is the result of a committee attempting to build a horse. The Program of the NSDAP was a work deliberated and voted upon by the members of that committee. Obviously, Hitler wielded considerable influence over the party even as early as 1918, but this was never my point. Hitler used inculcated Catholic prejudices, his own and others, to put primitive dogmas at the forefront of his bid for power. He manipulated the baser instincts of the populous with decries against those they would find different, invasive even objectionable during a time of economic hardship. The outcome was predictable, but its magnitude was unconscionable.

    You see, your invisible friends have no relevance at all, even on a personal level, as far as most humans are concerned. That is, we don't care if you believe in a 7ft. invisible rabbit, just don't try to make policy on what you, or anyone else, has claimed Thumper thinks. That is what Hitler, and every other despot since well before Platonic thought was articulated, did that is so objectionable. Mainly, this claim to know the mind of your deity is also what, regarding religions (especially intertwined with political ambitions), is so very dangerous. Not to mention a fabrication, falsehood and a fallacy rolled into one. Appeals to revelation, divine authority, objective truth or bible stories are an appeal to the mystical, the mythical—an orphic abyss were everything is justifiable. And the powerful have been manipulating the ignorant this way for millennia. Early 20th century Germany is the result of that mythically grounded bigotry via your irreproachable authority figure, your deity—in the extreme. It is not the result of an atheistic world view by any stretch of the imagination.

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  18. To Godescalc again:

    It's a bit of a red herring to put the suspected ideology of one man on the shoulders of an entire continent, regardless of that ideology, for example Jozef Tiso (Oct. 13, 1887 – April 18, 1947 by hanging) was a Roman Catholic priest and an infamous Nazi collaborator. As president of Slovakia he deported to Auschwitz or imprisoned and killed more than 75,000 non-Catholics. Then there is the infamous Ante Pavelić whose plan was to spare Serbs and Bosnians who embraced Catholicism and were willing to convert. He was quoted as saying, "we shall convert one third, we shall kill one third and one third will leave willingly or unwillingly". In accounting for those who actually performed the acts, which Hitler is credited, it becomes clear, the monster is not one man, it's this ideology that gets brandished about igniting the baser emotions of the mob, in an atmosphere of fear and ignorance.

    The problem is, the powerful find divine authority too convenient, to come clean and the ignorant actually believe it's possible that they could live forever, if they play by the rules of this superstition of sin. This makes for flocks of people that are easily manipulated by mystical ideologies.

    As for your question concerning Stalin and I will assume many others, I would bring to your attention that being the object of a cult of personality to the point of being a god-like personage is by definition a self backing position. As an example, I could start with the Pharaohs. Not to be snarky, but it is the ideas Stalin garnered from seminary school as a pious student and young adult that he used to manipulate people for power. You are trying to read your god into my claim, while your god is no more real or prevalent to my thought than any other, that is, just as false as Stalin's. It is the belief in these mythical entities or more precisely their purported omnipotence, omniscience, omnipresence, not the entities themselves that are the "backing" for the despots and despotic acts of which I speak. While I didn't say "based on" and I did use a quip to illustrate, "Charge that wall men, who cares if god is on their side this time!" I feel that you are not reading what I'm writing.

    One more thing, while I appreciate the links you provided and I did find them an interesting read, not that I have finished them yet, I can see why they had little affect on the outcome of the war. You see, neither the Pope nor a mythical entity have any power in reality. And something that needs to be read by the ignorant masses is no where near as powerful as the hate, bigotry, racism, xenophobia or exceptionalism engendered by those who 'know' they are doing god's will. Divine authority is the real Pandora's Box.

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  19. It is the purpose of education to present verified facts, and the substantiated evidence thereof, along with the properties that empower the understanding of their relationships in the real world.

    In the middle ages, the purpose of education was thought to be to train scholars in the use of logic and reason. It is the Modern who thinks that "presenting facts" is the main goal. But as Poincare noted, a pile of facts is not a science any more than a pile of stones is a house. Whether he realized it or not, he was touting the importance of formal causation.
    + + +

    I agree with Thomas Jefferson's sentiment...

    He objected to theologians objecting to slavery.
    + + +

    While Aquinas' other specializations, Aristotelian philosophy and Neoplatonism ...have been all but eliminated as viable philosophies...

    That something has been denied or denounced does not mean it has been disproven. Diatribe is not a syllogistic proof.

    + + +
    As for Aristotelianism, Bertrand Russell puts it this way: ""Ever since the beginning of the seventeenth century, almost every serious intellectual advance has had to begin with an attack on some Aristotelian doctrine..."

    Hence, the fundamental incoherence of modern philosophy. We deny formal causation -- but then insist on something we call "emergent properties." We deny final causation -- but then insist that there are dependable laws of nature. Sure, the ol' Stagerite got some facts wrong; but then so have the Moderns. Imagine the laughter from AD 4010.

    + + +

    Let's see what Aquinas said about the origin of species. "Some things, indeed, had a previous experience materially, ... whilst others existed not only in matter but also in their causes, as those individual creatures that are now generated existed in the first of their kind. Species, also, that are new, if any such appear, existed beforehand in various active powers; so that animals, and perhaps even new species of animals, are produced by putrefaction by the power which the stars and elements received at the beginning."

    Now, the science he relied on was wrong, regarding the putrefaction (depending on how it was meant). Today we "know" that new species arise from the death (and putrefaction) of the unfit and that the "power of the stars" is really the production and scattering of heavy elements by supernovae. But the point to notice is this: he ascribed the origin of new species to entirely natural processes.

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  20. Thanks for the blog post buddy! Keep them coming... DetroitFence company

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